Archive for the ‘Chemistry’ Category

Redox Numbers Demonstrated Example 5

Redox Numbers Demonstrated Example 4

Redox Numbers Demonstrated Example 3

Redox Numbers Demonstrated Example 2

Redox Numbers Demonstrated Example 1

Solving Ka, Kb ICE Tables Demonstrated Example 3 (polyprotonic acid)

Solving Ka, Kb ICE Tables Demonstrated Example 2 (with pH)

Solving Ka, Kb ICE Tables Demonstrated Example 1

Solving ICE Tables Demonstrated Example 4

Solving ICE Tables Demonstrated Example 3

Solving ICE Tables Demonstrated Example 2

Solving ICE Tables Demonstrated Example 1

Reaction Quotient (Q) versus Equilibrium Constant (K) Demonstrated Example 2

Reaction Quotient (Q) versus Equilibrium Constant (K) Demonstrated Example 1

Determining the Reaction Quotient Demonstrated Example 1

Setting up Polyionization Ka or Kb Equations Demonstrated Example 1

Setting up Ka or Kb Equations Demonstrated Example 1

Video Explanation Volume for Le Chatelier’s Principle

Video Explanation Temperature for Le Chatelier’s Principle

Video Explanation Concentration for Le Chatelier’s Principle

Converting Between Kc and Kp Demonstrated Example 2

Converting Between Kc and Kp Demonstrated Example 1

Solving the Equilibrium Equation (Kp) Demonstrated Example 1

Solving Equilibrium Equations (Kc) Demonstrated Example 2

Solving Equilibrium Equations (Kc) Demonstrated Example 1

Setting up Equilibrium Equations Demonstrated Example 1

Setting up the Equation for the Equilibrium Constant Examples Video 2

Setting up the Equation for the Equilibrium Constant Examples Video 1

Products or Reactants Favored Video Examples 1

Calculate Δ G (DELTA G) Demonstrated Example 5

Calculate Δ G (DELTA G) Demonstrated Example 4

Calculate Δ G (DELTA G) Demonstrated Example 3

Calculate Δ G (DELTA G) Demonstrated Example 2

Calculate Δ G (DELTA G) Demonstrated Example 1

Calculating the DELTA N ( Δn ) Demonstrated Example 2

Calculating the DELTA N ( Δn ) Demonstrated Example 1

Heat of Fusion or Vaporization Example 2

Heat of Fusion or Vaporization Example 1

Specific Heat Capacity Demonstrated Example 3

Specific Heat Capacity Demonstrated Example 2

Specific Heat Capacity Demonstrated Example 1

Stoichiometry with Energy Conversions Demonstrated Example 2

Stoichiometry with Energy Conversions Demonstrated Example 1

Calculate Δ H (DELTA H) Demonstrated Example 2

Calculate Δ H (DELTA H) Demonstrated Example 1

Chem Table – Gibbs Free Energy of Formation (Delta G)

These values are valid for the Temperature 25 C.

Chemical Substance (state)

∆GfkJ/mol

Ag(s)

0

Ag+(aq)

78

AgBr(s)

-100

AgCN(s)

164

AgCl(s)

-110

Ag2CrO4(s)

-622

AgI(s)

-66

Ag2O(s)

-10

Ag2S(s)

-40

Al(s)

0

Al2O3(s)

-1580

Al(OH)3(s)

AlCl3(s)

-630

Ba(s)

0

BaCl2(s)

-790

BaCO3(s)

-1138

BaO(s)

-552

Ba(OH)2(s)

BaSO4(s)

-1354

Be(s)

0

BeO(s)

-570

Be(OH)2(s)

-815

Br2(l)

0

Br2(g)

3

Br2(aq)

4

Br(aq)

-105

Cd(s)

0

CdO(s)

-230

Cd(OH)2(s)

-474

CdS(s)

-154

CdSO4(s)

-822

Ca(s)

0

CaC2(s)

-68

CaCO3(s)

-1130

CaO(s)

-605

Ca(OH)2(s)

-900

Ca3(PO4)2(s)

-3890

CaSO4(s)

-1320

CaSiO3(s)

-1550

C(s) (graphite)

0

C(s) (diamond)

3

CO(g)

-138

CO2(g)

-390

CH4(g)

-50

CH3OH(g)

-162

CH3OH(l)

-165

C2H2(g)

210

C2H4(g)

68

CH3CHO(g)

-130

C2H5OH(l)

-175

C2H6(g)

-33

C3H6(g)

63

C3H8(g)

-24

C2H4O(g) (ethylene oxide)

-13

CH2=CHCN(g)

195

CH3COOH(l)

-390

C6H12O6(s)

-910

CCl4

-65

Cl2(g)

0

Cl2(aq)

7

Cl(aq)

-130

Cr(s)

0

Cr2O3(s)

-1048

CrO3(s)

-500

Cu(s)

0

CuCO3(s)

-518

Cu2O(s)

-148

CuO(s)

-128

Cu(OH)2(s)

-372

CuS(s)

-48

F2(g)

0

F(aq)

-280

Fe(s)

0

Fe3C(s)

15

Fe0.95O(s) (wustite)

-240

FeO

-255

Fe3O4(s) (magnetite)

-1013

Fe2O3(s) (hematite)

-740

FeS(s)

-100

FeS2(s)

-165

FeSO4(s)

-825

HBr(g)

-5

H2CO(g)

-110

HCOOH(g)

-350

HCN(g)

125

HCl(g)

-95

HF(g)

-270

H2(g)

0

H(g)

203

H+(aq)

0

OH(aq)

-156

H2O(l)

-238

H2O(g)

-230

HNO3(aq)

-110

HNO3(l)

-80

H3PO4(s)

-1120

H3PO4(l)

H3PO4(aq)

-1142

H2S(g)

-34

H2SO4(l)

-690

H2SO4(aq)

-745

Hg(l)

0

Hg2Cl2(s)

-210

HgCl2(s)

-185

HgO(s)

-60

HgS(s)

-50

I2(s)

0

I2(g)

20

I2(aq)

16

I(aq)

-52

K(s)

0

KCl(s)

-408

KClO3(s)

-290

KClO4(s)

-304

K2O(s)

-322

K2O2(s)

-430

KO2(s)

-238

KOH(s)

-380

KOH(aq)

-440

Mg(s)

0

MgCO3(s)

-1030

MgO(s)

-570

Mg(OH)2(s)

-834

Mn(s)

0

MnO(s)

-362

Mn3O4(s)

-1280

Mn2O3(s)

-894

MnO2(s)

-466

MnO4(aq)

-450

Na(s)

0

Na+(aq)

-262

NaBr(s)

-347

Na2CO3(s)

-1048

NaHCO3(s)

-850

NaCl(s)

-384

NaH(s)

-34

NaI(s)

-282

NaNO2(s)

NaNO3(s)

-366

Na2O(s)

-377

Na2O2(s)

-450

NaOH(s)

-380

NaOH(aq)

-420

Ni(s)

0

NiCl2(s)

-272

NiO(s)

-212

Ni(OH)2(s)

-454

NiS(s)

-90

N2(g)

0

NH3(g)

-18

NH3(aq)

-26

NH4+(aq)

-80

NO(g)

86

NO2(g)

52

N2O(g)

104

N2O4(g)

98

N2O4(l)

97

N2O5(s)

134

N2H4(l)

150

N2H3CH3(l)

180

NH4ClO4(s)

-90

NH4Cl(s)

-203

O2(g)

0

O(g)

232

O3(g)

163

Pb(s)

0

PbO2(s)

-215

PbS(s)

-100

PbSO4(s)

-813

P(s) (white)

0

P(s) (red)

-12

P(s) (black)

-33

P4(g)

24

PF5(g)

-1510

PH3(g)

13

P4O10(s)

-2700

S(s) (rhombic)

0

S(s) (monoclinic)

0.1

S2-(aq)

86

S8(s)

50

SF6(g)

-1105

SiO2(s) (quartz)

-856

SiCl4(l)

-620

SO2(g)

-300

SO3(g)

-370

SO42-(aq)

-745

Sn(s) (white)

0

Sn(s) (grey)

0.1

SnO(s)

-255

SnO2(s)

-520

Sn(OH)2(s)

-490

TiCl4(g)

-728

TiO2(s)

-890

U(s)

0

UF6(s)

-2008

UF6(g)

-2030

UO2(s)

-1030

U3O8(s)

-3390

UO3(s)

-1150

Xe(g)

0

XeF2(g)

-48

XeF4(s)

-120

XeF6(g)

XeO3(s)

Zn(s)

0

ZnO(s)

-318

Zn(OH)2(s)

ZnS(s) (wurtzite)

ZnS(s) (zinc blende)

-200

ZnSO4(s)

-874

Chem Table – Enthalpy of Formation

This table is valid for the temperature 25 C

Chemical Substance (state)

∆Hf (kJ/mol)

Ag(s)

0

Ag+(aq)

105

AgBr(s)

-100

AgCN(s)

164

AgCl(s)

-128

Ag2CrO4(s)

-712

AgI(s)

-62

Ag2O(s)

-32

Ag2S(s)

-40

Al(s)

0

Al2O3(s)

-1675

Al(OH)3(s)

-1276

AlCl3(s)

-704

Al2(SO4)3 (s)

-3440

Ba(s)

0

BaCO3(s)

-1220

BaO(s)

-582

Ba(OH)2(s)

-945

BaSO4(s)

-1465

BaCl2(s)

-858

Be(s)

0

BeO(s)

-600

Be(OH)2(s)

-903

Br2(l)

0

Br2(g)

31

Br2(aq)

-3

BrF3 (g)

-255

Br(aq)

-120

Cd(s)

0

CdO(s)

-259

Cd(OH)2(s)

-560

CdS(s)

-162

CdSO4(s)

-935

Ca(s)

0

Ca2+(g)

1925

CaC2(s)

-63

CaCl2(s)

-796

CaCl2(aq)

-877

CaCO3(s)

-1206

CaF2(s)

-1220

CaH2(s)

-186

CaO(s)

-635

Ca(OH)2(s)

-985

Ca(OH)2(aq)

-1003

Ca3(PO4)2(s)

-4125

CaSO4(s)

-1435

CaSiO3(s)

-1630

C(s) graphite

0

C(s) diamond

2

CO(g)

-110

CO2(g)

-394

CS2(l)

89

CS2(g)

117

CH4(g)

-75

CH3OH(g)

-200

CH3OH(l)

-240

CH2O(g)

-115

CHOOH(g)

-363

CHN(g)

135

C2H2(g)

227

C2H4(g)

52

CH3CHO(g)

-165

C2H5OH(l)

-278

C2H6(g)

-85

C3H6(g)

21

C3H8(g)

-105

C2H4O(g)

-53

CH3COOH(l)

-485

C6H12O6(s) glucose

-1275

CCl4(l)

-135

CCl4(g)

-104

Cs(s)

0

Cs(g)

76

Cs(l)

2

Cs+(g)

458

CsCl(s)

-443

Cl2(g)

0

Cl2(aq)

-23

Cl(aq)

-165

Cr(s)

0

Cr2O3(s)

-1128

CrO3(s)

-580

Cu(s)

0

CuCO3(s)

-595

Cu2O(s)

-170

CuO(s)

-156

Cu(OH)2(s)

-450

CuS(s)

-50

F2(g)

0

F(aq)

-333

Fe(s)

0

Fe3C(s)

20

FeCl3(s)

-400

FeO(s)

-272

Fe3O4(s)

-1118

Fe2O3(s)

-825

FeS(s)

-96

FeS2(s)

-178

FeSO4(s)

-929

HBr(g)

-35

HCl(g)

-92

HF(g)

-270

H2(g)

0

H(g)

217

H+(g)

0

HCN(g)

130

OH(g)

-230

H2O(l)

-286

H2O(g)

-242

H2S(g)

-20

H2SO4(l)

-813

H2SO4(aq)

-908

H3PO4(s)

-1280

H3PO4(l)

-1267

H3PO4(aq)

-1288

HI(g)

27

HNO3(aq)

-207

HNO3(l)

-175

Hg(l)

0

Hg2Cl2(s)

-265

HgCl2(s)

-230

HgO(s)

-90

HgS(s)

-60

I2(s)

0

I2(g)

62

I2(aq)

23

I(aq)

-55

K(s)

0

KBr(s)

-392

KCl(s)

-435

KF(s)

-563

KClO3(s)

-390

KClO4(s)

-433

K2O(s)

-360

KOH(s)

-425

KOH(aq)

-480

Mg(s)

0

MgCO3(s)

-1112

MgCl2(s)

-642

MgO(s)

-600

Mg(OH)2(s)

-925

Mg(OH)2(aq)

-927

MgSO4(s)

-1278

Mn(s)

0

MnO(s)

-385

Mn3O4(s)

-1387

Mn2O3(s)

970

MnO2(s)

-520

MnO4(aq)

-543

N2(g)

0

NH3(aq)

-80

NH4+(aq)

-132

NO(g)

90

NO2(g)

35

N2O(g)

82

N2O4(g)

10

N2O4(l)

-20

N2O5(s)

-42

N2H4(l)

50

N2H3CH3(l)

54

NH4ClO4(s)

-295

NH4Cl(s)

-315

Na(s)

0

Na+(aq)

-240

NaBr(s)

-360

Na2CO3(s)

-1130

NaHCO3(s)

-948

NaCl(s)

-386

NaH(s)

-55

NaI(s)

-288

NaNO2(s)

-360

NaNO3(s)

-467

NaNO3(aq)

-469

Na2O(s)

-415

Na2O2(s)

-515

NaOH(s)

-427

NaOH(aq)

-470

Ni(s)

0

NiCl2(s)

-315

NiO(s)

-240

Ni(OH)2(s)

-538

NiS(s)

-93

O2(g)

0

O(g)

250

O3(g)

143

P(s)

0

P4(g)

60

PF5(g)

-1578

PCl3(l)

-320

PCl5(s)

-440

PH3(g)

5

P4O10(s)

-2985

Pb(s)

0

PbO2(s)

-277

PbS(s)

-100

PbSO4(s)

-920

Pb(NO3)2(s)

-452

S(s)

0

S2-(aq)

33

S8(g)

102

SF6(g)

-1208

SO2(g)

-300

SO3(g)

-395

SO42-(aq)

-910

Si(g)

368

SiC(s)

-73

SiO2(s)

-911

SiCl4(l)

-687

Sn(s)

0

SnO(s)

-285

SnO2(s)

-580

Sn(OH)2(s)

-560

TiCl4(g)

-763

TiO2(s)

-945

U(s)

0

UF6(s)

-2137

UF6(g)

-2113

UO2(s)

-1084

U3O8(s)

-3575

UO3(s)

-1230

Xe(g)

0

XeF2(g)

-108

XeF4(s)

-250

XeF6(g)

-294

XeOa(s)

402

Zn(s)

0

ZnO(s)

-348

Zn(OH)2(s)

-642

ZnS(s)

-195

ZnSO4(s)

-983

Chem Table – Heat of Fusion and Vaporization / Melting and Boiling

Heat of Fusion and Heat of Vaporization Table

 

Chemical Substance Fusion (J/g) Vapor (J/g)
H2O 334 2260
CH4 (Methane) 59.0 113
CH3OH (Methanol) 70.0
C2H6 (Ethane) 69.1
C2H5OH (Ethanol) 109
CH3COOH 192
CO2 184 574
Al 400 11,000
Br2 134 378
He 4 20
Ne 17 85
Ar 28 160
Kr 16 100
H2 60 445
N2 25 200
O2 14 210
Cu 209 4700
Fe 250 6000
Pb 25 860
Na 115 4200
Hg 11 300
Ag 105 2400
Sn 60 2500
Zn 112 1900

 

 

Melting Point and Boiling Point Table

 

 

Chemical Substance Melting (C) Boiling (C)
H2O 0 100
CH4 (Methane) -180 -164
CH3OH (Methanol) -97 65
C2H6 (Ethane) -172 -90
C2H5OH (Ethanol) -130 78
CH3COOH
CO2
Al 660 2520
Br2 -7 60
He -270
Ne -249 -246
Ar -190 -186
Kr -157 -153
H2 -260 -253
N2 -210 -196
O2 -219 -183
Cu 1080 2560
Fe 1540 2860
Pb 327 1750
Na 98 882
Hg -40 356
Ag 962 2160
Sn 230 2600
Zn 420 908

 

 

 

 

Chem Table – Specific Heat Capacity

Chemical Substance (state) J / g C
Al(s) 0.89
Be(s) 1.82
He(g) 5.19
Li(s) 3.58
C(s) graphite 0.71
C(s) diamond 0.51
CO2(g) 0.84
CH4(g) 2.19
C2H5OH(l) 2.40
Ne(g) 1.03
Ar(g) 0.52
Be(s) 1.82
Cu(s) 0.38
H2O(s) 2.03
H2O(l) 4.18
H2O(g) 2.08
Fe(s) 0.45
Pb(s) 0.13
Mg(s) 1.02
Hg(l) 0.14
N2(g) 1.04
NH3(l) 4.70
O2(g) 0.92
SiO2(s) 0.84
Na(s) 1.23
Ag(s) 0.24
H2S(g) 1.01
Sn(s) 0.21
Zn(s) 0.39

Chem Misc – Polyatomic Ions

Common Polyatomic Ions

 

Group 1

 

NH4+ Ammonium
 1
NO3 Nitrate
NO2 Nitrite
CO32- Carbonate
CO22- Carbonite
 1
SO42- Sulfate
SO32- Sulfite
PO43- Phosphate
PO33- Phosphite
 1
OH Hydroxide
CN Cyanide
C2H3O2 Acetate

 

 

Group 2

 

H3O+ Hydronium
 1
ClO4 Perchlorate
ClO3 Chlorate
ClO2 Chlorite
ClO Hypochlorite
 1
BrO4 Perbromate
BrO3 Bromate
BrO2 Bromite
BrO Hypobromite
 1
IO4 Periodate
IO3 Iodate
IO2 Iodite
IO Hypoiodite

 

Group 3

 

MnO4 Permanganate
CrO42- Chromate
Cr2O72- Perchromate
S2O32- Thiosulfate
O22- Peroxide